Class Diagram

      A class diagram is an illustration of the relationships and source code dependencies among classes in the Unified Modeling Language (UML). In this context, a class defines the methods and variables in an object, which is a specific entity in a program or the unit of code representing that entity.

In a class diagram, the classes are arranged in groups that share common characteristics. A class diagram resembles a flowchart in which classes are portrayed as boxes, each box having three rectangles inside. The top rectangle contains the name of the class; the middle rectangle contains the attributes of the class; the lower rectangle contains the methods, also called operations, of the class. Lines, which may have arrows at one or both ends, connect the boxes. These lines define the relationships, also called associations, between the classes.

So the purpose of the class diagram can be summarized as:

- Analysis and design of the static view of an application.

- Describe responsibilities of a system.

- Base for component and deployment diagrams.

- Forward and reverse engineering.

      Class diagrams are the most popular UML diagrams used for construction of software applications. So it is very important to learn the drawing procedure of class diagram. Class diagrams have lot of properties to consider while drawing but here the diagram will be considered from a top level view. Class diagram is basically a graphical representation of the static view of the system and represents different aspects of the application. So a collection of class diagrams represent the whole system.

Class

 A class represents an entity of a given system that provides an encapsulated implementation of certain functionality of a given entity. These are exposed by the class to other classes as methods. Apart from business functionality, a class also has properties that reflect unique features of a class. The properties of a class are called as attributes. The UML representation of a class is a rectangle containing three compartments stacked vertically

Association

An association represents a relationship between two classes. An association indicates that objects of one class have a relationship with objects of another class, in which this connection has a specifically defined meaning.

This is the example of class diagram about blog system:

Mengelola Comment

(addComment, viewComment, replyComment)

Attribute     : isi_comment, tgl_comment, panjang_isiComment, email

Operation   : set_isiComment, get_isiComment, set_tglComment, get_tglComment

Mengelola Profil

(addNewProfil, editProfil)

Attribute     : id_profil, nama_profil, email

Operation   : set_idProfil, set_namaAdmin, get_namaAdmin

Mengelola Template

(editHtml, cadangkan/pulihkan)

Attribute     : isi_html

Operation   : set_isiHtml, get_isiHtml

Mengelola Posting
(inputNewPosting, editPosting, deletePosting, viewPosting)

Attribute     : isi_posting, tgl_posting, panjang_isiPosting

Operation   : set_isiPosting, get_isiPosting, set_tglPosting, get_tglPosting

Mengelola Layout

(addGadget, editGadget, deleteGadget)

Attribute     : isi_gadget

Operation   : set_isiGadget, get_isiGadget

Monetize Blog

(approveIklan)

Attribute     : id_iklan, email, isi_iklan, tgl_iklan

Operation   : get_idIklan, set_isiIklan, get_isiIklan, set_tglIklan, get_tglIklan

Use Case Diagram

A use case diagram is a graphic depiction of the interactions between system elements. A use case is a methodology used in system analysis to identify, clarify, and organize system requirements. In this context, the term system refers to something being developed or operated, such as a mail-order product sales and service Web site. Use case diagrams are employed in UML (Unified Modeling Language), a standard notation for the modeling of real-world objects and systems.

A use case diagram contains four components.

•           The boundary, which defines the system of interest in relation to the world around it.
•           The actors, usually individuals involved with the system defined according to their roles.
•           The use cases, which are the specific roles played by the actors within and around the system.
•           The relationships between and among the actors and the use cases.  

We can use the following elements in use case diagrams :

Actor : An actor represents a role that an outsider takes on when interacting with the business system. For instance, an actor can be a customer, a business partner, a supplier, or another business system.

Association : An association is the relationship between an actor and a business use case. It indicates that an actor can use a certain functionality of the business system - the business use case.

Use Case : A business use case describes the interaction between an actor and a business system, meaning it describes the functionality of the business system.

Include : The include relationship is a relationship between two business use cases that signifies that the business use case on the side to which the arrow points is included in the use case on the other side of the arrow. This means that for one functionality that the business system provides, another functionality of the business system is accessed.

Generalization : A generalization relationship is also a parent-child relationship between use cases. The child use case in the generalization relationship has the underlying business process meaning, but is an enhancement of the parent use case. In a use case diagram, generalization is shown as a directed arrow with a triangle arrowhead. The child use case is connected at the base of the arrow. The tip of the arrow is connected to the parent use case.

Extends : An extends shows the relationships between use cases. Relationship between use case A and use case B indicates that an instance of use case B may include (subject to specified in the extension) the behavior specified by A. An 'extends' relationship between use cases is depicted with a directed arrow having a dotted shaft. The tip of arrowhead points to the parent use case and the child use case is connected at the base of the arrow. For example, validating the user for a system. A invalid password is extension of validating password use case.

Here’s simple example of use case diagram about blog system :

Monetize blog

Here you can add ads to your blog. When you sign up with one of these services, you’re given code to add to your site that will link to whatever content or services those companies are currently promoting. Other sponsored ads come from individual companies and promote only that company and its products or services. After that you can put these ads in the section you want.

Manage comment

You can see the existing comments and can reply a comment from the visitors. Visitors can also see the comments on the blog, as well as be able give a comment only after login using their own email visitors.

Manage profile

You can add a new profile on the blog if you have already registered in the email. If you are logged into your emails, then you have to create a new blog. Here you can also edit your profile.

Manage template

Here you can change the background by using a basic template and then customize the background, layout, colors, fonts, etc. But first you have to download a template for a blog on the internet.

Manage posting

You can add and publish your new post, and can also edit and delete existing blog posts. You can see your own post by clicking on the blog look. Visitors can also see and visit our blog for free, whenever and wherever.

Manage layout

The manage layout you can add, delete and edit gadget in your blog. or you can click and drag to rearrange the gadgets.

Cancer Treatment: Know Your Options

While surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are still the first-line treatments for most cancers, there are also new and emerging approaches.

When you are learning about cancer and evaluating what cancer treatment to undergo, it's important to understand your options, and the benefits and risks that each offers.

Generally, cancer patients receive one of three types of cancer treatment: surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. It's also possible to receive a combination of any of those three types, in hopes of increasing the odds of getting rid of the cancer cells.

Cancer Treatment Options: Surgery Pros and Cons

If the tumor is large and easy to remove, surgical treatment might be the best option. The decision to cut is based on the type of cancer, its stage (how far it's spread), and where the tumor is located. Surgery can be effective at removing a single mass or tumor, but a surgeon can’t remove cancer that has spread and affected multiple areas of the body. Another consideration: It can also take time to heal from a large incision following surgery, and there are the usual surgical risks of excessive bleeding and infection.

Cancer Treatment Options: Chemotherapy Pros and Cons

Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs that destroy cancer cells. While it is a very effective method of ridding the body of cancer — particularly types of cancer that have spread to more than one location — there are side effects to deal with because healthy cells are also damaged during this form of cancer treatment.

Cancer Treatment Options: Radiation Pros and Cons

Radiation, another method used to destroy cancer cells, can be administered from outside the body (external beam radiation) or within the body (brachytherapy). Radiation can be delivered as streams of energy from X-rays and gamma rays, or can consist of energy from charged particles, such as proton beam radiation. Radiation is not a good option for all types of cancer; it's best for a single tumor or mass. With radiation, immediate side effects tend to be less severe than those of chemotherapy.

Cancer Treatment Options: Other Approaches

Not everyone benefits from the most well-known forms of cancer treatment. For some types of cancer, other, less commonly used methods may be most effective. These include:

• Biological therapy. Also called immunotherapy, this type of cancer treatment uses drugs that don't directly attack cancer cells, but instead work to promote the body's natural immune response against the cancer cells. These drugs make the body better able to defend itself and fight the cancer. Right now, the biggest drawback is that biological therapy seems most effective against cancers that are still small and in the earlier stages.
• Hormone therapy. The hormones estrogen and testosterone can promote the growth of tumors in the breast and prostate, respectively. To fight these types of cancer, drugs that inhibit the effects of those hormones may be given to slow tumor growth. Hormone therapy is only used to treat breast or prostate cancer, and only slows down progression; additional treatment is needed to kill the tumor.
• Photodynamic therapy. This cancer treatment uses light and a drug that makes cancer cells react when exposed to the light. The drug, called a photosensitizing agent, is administered and absorbed by the cells. Once the cells are exposed to light, the drug inside them reacts with oxygen, forming a chemical that destroys the cancer cells. This type of cancer treatment doesn't pose long-term side effects, offers targeted treatment that doesn't affect the rest of the body, and doesn't cause scarring. However, its use is limited because it is only effective on areas that can be exposed to light, not those deep within the body.

There are many other types of cancer treatment that are available or still being researched. Options include targeted therapy, gene therapy, heat therapy, laser therapy, stem cell transplantation, and angiogenesis inhibitor therapy, which cuts off the blood supply to tumors.

Only you and your doctor can determine the best possible cancer treatment for you. As an educated and informed patient, you can take an active role in deciding on your cancer treatment and understanding what that treatment will be like for you.

From : www.everydayhealth.com